Geology Of The Area. Sources Of Natural Materials and Construction Essay

Topography Of The Area. Wellsprings Of Natural Materials and Construction Problems - Essay Example It is made out of quartz or feldspar since they are the most well-known minerals in the earth covering. The shades of sandstone have been related to a few locales on the grounds that their beds regularly structure profoundly obvious bluffs. It as a rule permits water and different liquids to permeate; furthermore sandstone is permeable enough to store huge amounts of liquids, along these lines, are important springs and supplies of oil. It discovers application in house products and local development. Basically, they can be pieces of prior stone or mono-mineralic gems. These stones are solid particularly when experienced in this way appropriate for development purposes. Mudstone-as per the guide it is elbow-molded and consistently disseminated in the guide. This is a fine grained sedimentary stone. Its unique constituents were muds or mud their individual size must be related to the assistance of a magnifying lens. It has no layers because of unique surface or disturbance of layering by tunneling life forms before lithification. It might show split or crevices relying upon how it is shaped. As indicated by Dunham (1962), the arrangement of limestone, a mudstone is a carbonate rock with under 10% allochens in carbonate mud lattice. Mudstone is a delicate stone material subsequently isn't proper for development purposes. ... It is the hardest stone layer among the three showing up in the guide and is utilized for development purposes, a total for base of streets, mineral filler passing 0.075mm †0.425mm of mineral size. It very well may be utilized in the production of glass, toothpaste and concrete. Potential PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE DURING CONSTRUCTION coming up next are the potential issues that may emerge during the parkway development process between focuses An and B. As expressed by Amelin et al. (2002), ‘It is imperative to consider that on the off chance that we decide to disregard the encompassing topography in the development of built works, at that point the encompassing geography will assuredly attest its impact on our designed structures.’ First the material cut might be not exactly the necessary fill. Cut and fill, is a procedure of building a railroad, street waterway or high way whereby the all out material separated pretty much is equivalent to the amount of material for fill. Since the cut is not as much as fill, it would warrant procuring materials from different hotspots for instance get zones, bringing in from different regions. The material cut might be more than the necessary fill any overabundance cut over the fill would warrant an extra transportation cost. Besides, there might be portability issues because of the rough and steep geology of the land which may not support human and machine development during the interstate development. This triggers utilization of extraordinary hardware in cutting, filling and compaction procedures to accomplish the ideal target or shape. The land’s scene might be too rough to such an extent that it might cause more cost particularly when it as to get the materials from different territories. There is trouble in slicing because of geography of land, dependability of slants and since any

Interpersonnel Communication Essay Example for Free

Interpersonnel Communication Essay I have talked with two people in particular, Ana G. furthermore, Cleavon I. with respect to my interpersonnel correspondence capacities. They will talk about my conduct/mentality towards the accompanying: 1) comfort with different societies; 2) listening style capacity; 3) non-verbal correspondence style; 4) correspondence motions that I ordinarily use; 5) comfort in close to home relationship; 6) power showed or passed on in the individual relationship I am engaged with. Coming up next are extracts from the genuine meeting: First Interview (Ana G. ) Interviewer (I): â€Å"Could you please quickly portray my disposition towards people who have a place with different societies? Do I seem, by all accounts, to be agreeable around them? † Interviewee (Ana G. ): I have been with you for about a year as of now, and being an individual from a social minority myself, I am glad to state that your treatment towards individuals like us is to excess. You have treated us decently and you never demonstrated inclination making it clear that you are open to being with individuals paying little mind to their race or culture (Ana G. , 2007). Questioner (I): â€Å"Please remark on my listening aptitudes and abilities†. Interviewee (Ana G. ). I value the way that you are a â€Å"active listener† (Landsberger, 2007). You center and you tune in for fathoming whatever it is that the individual is discussing (Landsberger, 2007). Questioner (I): â€Å"Do I have any non-verbal capacity? † â€Å"Do I display such correspondence style? † â€Å"Could you please shed light on the correspondence signal/s that I regularly use? † Interviewee (Ana G. ): Yes. Actually, I have seen how you set up eye to eye connection towards the individuals you address. Possibly that is the â€Å"flow of correspondence is regulated† (Stein et. al. , n. d. ). This is likewise why I feel your advantage, concern, and delicacy towards me (Ana G., 2007). Interviewee: (I): â€Å"Did you ever feel any solace in my own relationship with you? † Interviewer (Ana G. ): Yes, in fact, I have felt consolation also that you could be trusted and can be depended upon in the midst of hardship (Ana G. , 2007). Interviewee (I): My last inquiry is this, â€Å"did you ever observe or experience a force shown or passed on in the individual relationship I am associated with? † Interviewer (Ana G. ): The way that I am attracted to talk or hear you out shows the â€Å"power showed or passed on in the individual relationship† (Ana G. , 2007). This is the sort of intensity that isn't damaging; rather it is exceedingly useful on my part (Ana G. , 2007). Second Interview (Cleavon I. ) Interviewer (I): â€Å"Could you please quickly portray my disposition towards people who have a place with different societies? Do I give off an impression of being agreeable around them? † Interviewee (Cleavon I. ): We have a place with a similar culture, however I have seen how you manage the individuals who have a place with different societies. You oblige them very well as though you don’t feel any sort of segregation or bigotry of preference towards them (Cleavon I. , 2007). Questioner (I): â€Å"Please remark on my listening aptitudes and abilities†. Interviewee (Cleavon I. ): Even on the off chance that you don't generally concur with what others let you know, I am upbeat that you despite everything tune in regardless of such truth (Cleavon I. , 2007). I am satisfied enough that you set aside the effort to tune in and comprehend somebody else’s side simply like what you have done to me in the previous scarcely any months that we have been cooperating (Landsberger, 2007). Questioner (I): â€Å"Do I have any non-verbal capacity? † â€Å"Do I show such correspondence style? † â€Å"Could you please shed light on the correspondence motion/s that I regularly use? † Interviewee (Cleavon I. ): obviously, you have such. Indeed, you have given me this on many occasions as of now (Cleavon I. , 2007). Your outward appearances which incorporate grinning caused me to feel that you like me by one way or another, that you are a genuine individual companion to me, and that you are glad speaking with me (Stein et. al. , n. d. ). I realize this is the reason we generally do better correspondence as contrasted and my discussion with others (Cleavon I. , 2007). Interviewee: (I): â€Å"Did you ever feel any solace in my own relationship with you? † Interviewer (Cleavon I. ): Yes, in truth talking with you and simply being with supports/alleviates/assuages me generally (Cleavon I., 2007). There has never been a dull second with you and I extraordinarily value that (Cleavon I, 2007). Interviewee (I): My last inquiry is this, â€Å"did you ever observe or experience a force shown or passed on in the individual relationship I am associated with? † Interviewer (Cleavon I. ): Yes, I felt that ‘power’ when you address me (Cleavon I. , 2007). You move me to incredible statures; that is the force that you have over me (Cleavon I. , 2007). References Ana G. (2007). Individual Interview. Cleavon I. (2007). Individual Interview. Landsberger, J. (2007). Undivided attention. Recovered December 10, 2007 from http://www.studygs.net/listening.htm

Importance of Cash flow and improving Liquidity - 1925 Words

Sources of finance, Importance of Cash flow and improving Liquidity (Essay Sample) Content: Sources of finance, Importance of Cash flow and improving Liquidity NameUniversityInstructor DateSources of finance for business organizations Business organizations require constant funding from the time it is founded and to the time it grows and expands. However, access to this crucial resource is always limited and any available source is always very expensive to acquire. This puts pressure on the existing forms of financing that are considered cheap. Nevertheless, sources of finances must be sought or else the businesses will never grow. There are several source of finance that can be used by companies and small businesses to fund their activities. These sources are categorized as external and internal sources where internal sources are funds obtained within the firms operations and owners while external sources are those obtained outside the company (Hall, Jones, Raffo, and Anderton 2008). Sources of finances can also be grouped into short term sources or lon g term sources of finances. Short term sources are finances that will be available for use within a short period, say one year while long term finances are those that can be used in the business for more than one year. Among the short term sources of funds is trade credit which is typically offered by suppliers and can be used by the company to run its activities and later pay the suppliers. It is normally in terms of goods or services. Another source of short term capital is the bank overdraft which is offered by banks. Bank may allow a firm to withdraw more than it has in its account and repay the short loan later with a higher interest. Bank loan is also another external source of financing that is provided by banking institutions and other lenders. The funds are suitable for larger projects and can be used for a longer period depending with agreements with the lender. Bank loans are however quite expensive and takes time for the bank to give out a loan due to risks involved in l ending. Leasing of properties can be a source of external financing to business which requires properties and machineries for business purposes. It can therefore enter a lease agreement instead of purchasing new assets which may be very expensive (Hall, Jones, Raffo, and Anderton 2008). For long term and bigger projects, capital can be acquired from sale of shares to the public. This is however a very expensive and procedural way of financing where a company gets listed in a stock exchange for the public to buy shares and become owners of the company. The capital raised remains with the company as long as it exists and is suitable for companies which have already proved to be very profitable and are seeking to expand further. There are other internal sources of capital that can be explored by businesses, especially smaller ones. This includes savings made by owners of the company. In the case of start-ups, savings may also include contributions from friends and families of the entre preneurs who are starting the business. Angel investors can also finance smaller companies in return for ownership. Retained earning can be used to accumulate capital for the business instead of sharing out all the profits. The retained earnings is very effective since it has no interest charge and very good for smaller firms and large corporations as well. Government and non governmental institutions can also be used to finance businesses. Such arrangements are normally aimed at boosting young enterprises and other social business that the government may find it important and viable. Sale of assets that are not in use or inefficient properties can also serve to boost capital reserves of a corporation. The various sources of capital however have their advantages and disadvantages but can be chosen to serve specific purposes that depend on the size and nature of business an organization engages in.Importance of cash flow to businesses Cash flow is the movement of cash in and out of the business that arises from various activities that involves expenditures and regeneration of money in the business. These activities include investing, financing and operational activities. Such activities creates a flow of money that may be good if more cash is available and may be problematic if it leads to low cash availability within the business (Hall, Jones, Raffo, and Anderton 2008). This makes it important to improve cash flow in such a way it maintains liquidity at optimal levels. Cash flow concept is important to business because it shows the liquidity levels of a business and consequently how able is the company able to meet its financial obligations. In the face of bankruptcy, cash flow helps to ascertain whether the firm is in good health and any sign of problems can be identified earlier by monitoring the cash flow of the business. Consistent cash flow also helps the firm to take advantages of investing opportunities if managed well. Since cash flow determines the liquidity of a business, it therefore means that predictable series of cash in and cash out can be used take advantage of opportunities through decision making that is derived from the cash flows. It is also important to management since cash flows shows areas which reduces the companys inflows of cash. Important information can be derived from cash flow statements that will help in determining how profitable a project is. It thus can be used to calculate the internal rate of return of a project. Cash flow also helps in valuation of private firms and can be used to project the worth of business in the foreseeable future. Lastly, it is important in risk analysis of an enterprise and ...

Social Stigmas Of Asian Parenting - 1106 Words

Social Stigmas of Asian Parenting are True Just walking through the courtyard of Brigham Young University, you are surrounded by outstanding, intelligent students who were leaders in their communities and are firm in their faith. Students hail from all four corners of the world from the diverse United States to blissful Asia; yet, only 1.4% of BYU students are of Asian ethnicity. The Asian population may be small at the university; but, Asian stereotypes continue to permeate all forms of media coloring our perception of our classmates from the East. Have you ever wondered why are they so smart at math? How do all of them know how to play the piano? Why does receiving anything less than an A grade brew feelings of failure? Many Asians attribute these stereotypes to their upbringing and parents’ expectations. In The Wall Street Journal article â€Å"Why Chinese Mothers Are Superior†, Amy Chua presented her viewpoint that the Asian parenting style to raise successful children outranks the Western ideals for parenti ng. But, are Asians really more superior than Westerners at parenting? Through personal vignettes and poignant diction, Chua builds logos, pathos, and ethos to write a convincing article on how Asian parenting styles are effective. So what is like being an Asian parent? Chua, a first generation Asian American, establishes the readers trust by consistently using stories from her personal life, ranging from her own mother calling her â€Å"garbage† and then her American friendsShow MoreRelatedAsian Traditional Gender Expectation That Men Have No Responsibility995 Words   |  4 PagesIn Asian traditional gender expectation that men have no responsibility to share the housework. 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However, with the stresses and strains that families face today, it is also a good idea to be openRead MoreAsian American Population And Asian Americans2276 Words   |  10 PagesThe Asian American population is a major facet of American life; beginning their lives as immigrants they have worked their way to become integral members of society. In 2010 there were 14.7 million Asian Americans living in the United States and in 2011 that number increased to 18.2 million.1 Culturally, Asian American people have traditions and beliefs that contradict those of the Western world.2 â€Å"Culture molds people’s values, attitudes, and beliefs; influences their perceptions of self and others;Read MoreThe United States : An Individualistic Culture2441 Words   |  10 Pagesbeing isolated due to the vast differences amongst civilians. Negative attitudes toward these differences are also known as stigma, which are communicated to a wide variety of groups of individuals. Goffman is extremely credited in his work in defining stigma and how society communicates stig ma. Stigma is the situation of the individual who is disqualified from full social acceptance (Goffman, 1963). Goffman recognized that many are stigmatized. He analyzes the stigmatized person and how they communicateRead MoreDown Syndrome Case Study1093 Words   |  5 Pagesexpect an increased parenting burden and a decreased quality of life for the child with DS (Gaille, 2016). It is not only about socioeconomic status, parents also think they need to provide ongoing care to children with DS because they would never be functioning independently (Choi et al., 2012). Thus, these challenges and parents’ attitude towards disability significantly impact on decision-making process (Gaille Viot, 2013). These perspectives may be caused by the negative social context to peopleRead MoreJuno Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesas health professional. 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If we consider that the majority of children that witness IPV are under six and would not be able to fully unde rstand what is happening we can conclude that they would not beRead MoreA Child s First Steps And Words1962 Words   |  8 Pagesweed them out’† (Epoch Times). This idea that southeastern Asian parents retain from their home country, influences them to push their child in America. There will be endless boundaries that the parents set, from dating to the beauty standards of girls and many will question the necessity of it. Unlike white people, who encourage independence for their child, Asian parents believe in structure. Success in America is not handed to Asian Americans, so the child will be guided by her parents’ voicesRead MoreRace In Culture And Media. There Are Over Seven Billion1795 Words   |  8 Pagescertain values, views and perceptions. The person that one grows up to be is highly dependent on these factors which serves to define one’s sense of identity. In totality, our upbringing, culture and the media shape our concept of an authentic sel f. The social interactions and experiences we encounter define who we are and determine how we respond to the world around us. The need to preserve the authentic self, prompts one to develop a false identity to search for the perfect conditions for the real self

Genetics and Human Sexuality - 1320 Words

Human sexuality plays a major role in everyones life. Regardless, whether we are young or old, man or woman, American or Japanese, it is an integral part of what we do and who we are as a human species. Next to sleeping and eating, it seems that it is one of the most important drives we have to deal with as humans. That is, it takes up so much of our time in thought and behavior that it sometimes seems that every facet of our life revolves around this to a certain extent. Human sexual behavior is different from the sexual behavior of other animals, in that, it seems to be governed by a variety and interplay of different factors. That is, while lower animals or species are driven by a force to reproduce and therefore partake in sexual†¦show more content†¦In the second volume of The Variation, written by Charles Darwin, to prove his theory of evolution he had to explain the notion of natural selection and how genetic variations play a vital role in this process. Which brings up the second principle of evolution which is that the variations must be passed on genetically. Numerous identical twin case studies have shown that the hereditary of homosexuality is not strictly a genetic linkage, because there are many pairs of identical twins who have differing sexualities. Scientists from the National Institute for Mathematical and Biological Synthesis say homosexuality seems to have an epigenetic, not a genetic link. Epigenetic is the study of heritable changes in gene activity that are not caused by changes in the DNA sequence or genotypes, but rather phenotypes. Homosexual attraction has been said to be passed along in families, there is no proof of that, but leading researchers presume a genetic underpinning of sexual preference is lurking. While genes hold the instructions in the DNA, epi-marks direct how those instructions are carried out. The act of sexual activity among homosexual does not allow genetic traits to pass forth through reproduction which r equires semenShow MoreRelatedEssay on The Details of Human Sexuality and Society1246 Words   |  5 PagesThis is a definition of from someone who has studied human sexuality †human sexuality is the way in which we experience and express ourselves as sexual beings (Rathus et al., 1993). There are many factors that help develop our sexuality, arguably one of the most important, is our actual gender. Whether, I am a male or female will likely have a major influence on the development of my individual sexuality. 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However, the influences of genetics and environmental factors on sexual orientation is still a controversial topic which is currently being discussed in both psychological and biological debates. While many researchersRead MoreGenetic Determinism of Human Character Essay640 Words   |  3 PagesHuman character and behaviour are not only shaped by the genes that encompass the individual’s genotype. Human character comprising mainly of personality, sexuality, morality and intelligence are the products of genetic determinism as well as external environmental factors. â€Å"Single genes can have surprisingly strong influences on particular aspects of behaviour.† (Frank., 2009) Genes build the phenotype of humans as well as the underlying genotype. Competition between cultural genes leads to variedRead Moregenetics and heredity1693 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Genetics and Heredity â€Å"Why We Look the Way We Do† Genes: Our Biological Blueprint Genes basic units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another. the biochemical units of heredity that make up the chromosomes a segment of DNA capable of synthesizing a protein Genes are aligned along chromosomes (strands of genes) and come in pairs. Chromosomes threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes DNARead MoreHuman Sexuality Paper1490 Words   |  6 Pagesone person progress to either heterosexuality or homosexuality? Studies showed that there were genetic factors linked to influencing sexual orientation in males before they were born by increasing the female reproductive capacity in mothers during multiple births. (Iemmole, Ciani, 2008: 393) Though that doesn’t mean that there technically is a â€Å"gay gene† that has been discovered, just that several human genome studies has suggested promising areas of research that are pointing to that direction.Read MoreIs Homosexuality Biologically Based Pro / Con Essay1441 Words   |  6 PagesHowever, a compelling number of people are particularly interested in someone of the identical gender (Slife, 2013). Sexual assimilation is a physiological attribute that exhibit one of the greatest scopes of sexual distinction, given that 90-97% of human beings of one sex demonstrate an appeal that is dissimilar from that of the alternate gender (Slife, 2013, p. 36). In like manner, the devices that conclude characteristics of people s sexual assimilation have been the topic of intense debates. InRead MoreHistorical and Scientific Perspectives on Homosexuality907 Words   |  4 PagesHistorical and scientific perspectives on homosexuality In contemporary Western culture, choices about romantic love and sexuality are a critical aspect of individual self-definition. Whether someone is homosexual or heterosexual is thus also considered to be a crucial aspect of who he or she is as a human being. In previous eras, where individuals were married young, and entered into arranged marriages, this was not the case. Although people had same-sex desire, this desire was enjoyed outsideRead MoreThe Long Term Controversy Of Nature Versus Nurture860 Words   |  4 Pagesa gay, lesbian, or bisexual was known to be a mental illness. In recent years, it has been determined that it is a normal aspect of sexuality. Determining how one has this specific trait is up in the air. With homosexuality growing, sexual orientation has been a major discussion in the world throughout the last decade. Some have argued that it has to do with genetics, and some say that it has to do with the environment. This is known as the long-term controversy of nature versus nurture. The controversyRead MoreDismantling Binaries: Bisexuality947 Words   |  4 Pagesbut it boils down to treating people differently. Lucal, in his article focuses on the building and preservation of boxes and limits with respect to sex, gender and sexuality. In the society, these boxes and their limits rest on a multiplicity of assumptions. The first supposition is that there are two sex’s genders, and sexualities. Everyone is male or a female, feminine or masculine, heterosexual or homosexual but no one can be both. This supposition of sex believes the truth of substantial difference

THREE JUDGMENTS AT A BLOW Essay Example For Students

THREE JUDGMENTS AT A BLOW Essay A monologue from the play by Pedro Calderon de la Barca NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from Eight Dramas of Calderon. Trans. Edward Fitzgerald. London: Macmillan Co., 1906. DONNA BLANCA: Oh, my liege,Not in one breathTurn royal mercy into needless threat;Though it be true my bosom has so longThis secret kept close prisoner, and hopdTo have it buried with me in my grave,Yet if I peril my own name and theirsBy such a silence, Ill not leave to rumourAnother hours suspicion; but revealTo you, my liege, yea, and to heaven and earth,My most disastrous story.My father, though of lineage high and clearAs the suns self, was poor; and knowing wellHow in this world honour fares ill alone,Betrothd the beauty of my earliest years(The only dowry that I brought with me)To Lope de Urrea, whose estateWas to supply the much he missd of youth.We marriedlike December wed to May,Or flower of earliest summer set in snow;Yet heaven witness that I honourd, ay,And loved him; though with little cause of love,And ever cold returns; but I went onDoing my duty toward him, hoping stillTo have a son to fill the gaping voidThat lay between usyea, I prayd for oneSo earnestly, that God, who has ordaindThat we should ask at once for all and nothingOf him who best knows what is best for us,Denied me what I wrongly coveted.Well, let me turn the leaf on which are writtenThe troubles of those ill-assorted years,And to my tale. I had a younger sister,Whom to console me in my wretched home,I took to live with meof whose fair youthA gentleman enamourdOh, my liege,Ask not his nameyet why should I conceal it,Whose honour may not leave a single chinkFor doubt to nestle in?Sir, twas Don Mendo,Your minister; who, when his idle suitProsperd not in my sisters ear, found means,Feeing one of the household to his purpose,To get admittance to her room by night;Where, swearing marriage soon should sanction love,He went away the victor of an honourThat like a villain he had come to steal;Then, but a few weeks after, (so men quitAll obligation save of their desire,)Married another, and growing great at court,Went on your fathers bidding into FranceAmbassador, and from that hour to this Knows not the tragic issue of his crime.I, who perceived my sisters altered looks,And how in mind and body she fared ill,With menace and persuasion wrung from herThe secret I have told you, and of whichShe bore within her bosom such a witnessAs double preyd upon her life. Enough;She was my sister, why reproach her then,And to no purpose now the deed was done?Only I wonderd at mysterious Heaven,Which her misfortune made to double mine,Who had been pining for the very boonThat was her shame and sorrow; till at last,Out of the tangle of this double griefI drew a thread to extricate us both,By giving forth myself about to bearThe child whose birth my sister should conceal.Twas donethe day came onI feignd the painShe felt, and on my bosom as my ownCherishd the crying infant she had borne,And died in bearingfor even so it was;I and another matron (who aloneWas partner in the plot)Assigning other illness for her death.This is my story, sirthis is the crime,Of which the guilt being wholly m ine, be mineThe punishment; I pleading on my kneesMy love both to my husband and my sisterAs some excuse. Pedro of Arragon,Whom people call the Just, be just to me:I do not ask for mercy, but for justice,And that, whatever be my punishment,It may be told of me, and put on record,That, howsoever and with what designI might deceive my husband and the world,At least I have not shamed my birth and honour. .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .postImageUrl , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:hover , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:visited , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:active { border:0!important; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:active , .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0d52355a33e06ed175a59f6d7019089b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Casket Comedy Essay Research Paper

Star Airways free essay sample

Masters Program in Business Administration (MBA) Note :- Solve any 4 Case Study All Case Carry equal Marks. CASE I Sunder Singh QUESTIONS 1. What does the purchase of a product like Nike mean to Sunder Singh? Sunder Sing, just escaping homelessness is clearly proud that he was able to save and buy a pair of Nikes. He could undoubtedly have purchase a different brand that would have met his physical needs as well for much less money which he does not say why he bought the more expensive Nikes, a reasonable interpretation is that they serve as a visible symbol that Sunder Singh is back as a successful. Sunder Singh is not Unique among low-income consumer in wanting and buying items such as Nike shoes. As one expert says. â€Å"The low income consumer wants the same product and services other consumer want†. He suggests that marketing efforts reflect those desires. Another expert state. We will write a custom essay sample on Star Airways or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page There’s this stereotype that they don’t have enough money for toothpaste and that’s just not true. There has been some significance to them being called lower income, but they do buy things. The working poor are forced to spend a disproportionate present of theirs income on housing, utilities and medical care due to lack of insurance. They generally relay on public transportation, they spend a smaller portion of their relatively small income on meals away from home and all forms of entertainment such as admission, pets and toys; they spend very little on their own financial security. However Sunder Singh illustrated they spend the same percent of their income though a smaller amount on apparel and accessories. . What does the story say about our society and the impact of marketing on consumer behavior? Marketing is generally thought of as the process of promoting goods and services to the end user. Society is generally defined as the condition in which members of a community live together for their mutual benefit. â€Å"Society can exist without Marketing, but Marketing cannot exist without Society† Marketing is the management process of anticipating, identifying and satisfying customer’s requirements. The various conventional marketing tools- advertising, branding, direct marketing, sales promotion, publicity public relations. Critics acknowledge that marketing has legitimate uses in as much as it connects goods and services to consumers who desire them. However some aspects of marketing, especially promotion and advertisements are subject to criticisms. They argue that product promotion is an attempt coming from the goods and service providers to influence demand. Advertising has become such an inextricable part of our lives that one cannot really imagine life without it. Although we hardly ever notice, advertisements leave an indelible mark on our minds, especially the vulnerable groups like children and adolescents. Effect of Marketing on society, in particular on Vulnerable Groups Marketing and society, the commensuration of the two words raises a few eyebrows, as it is highly debatable. On the one hand, Society thrives on the marketing efforts of the Companies, while another school of thought argues that marketing makes the society more materialistic. Today, striking a balance between the two is the challenge faced by the Marketers. The society expects the business to be ethical and desires corporate executives, at all levels to apply ethical principles in other words, guidelines as to what is right and wrong, fair and unfair, and morally correct, when they make business decisions. Advertisers are traditionally use techniques to which children and adolescents are more susceptible, such as product placement in TV shows, tie in between movies and fast food restaurants, to mention a few. Therefore there exist many marketing evils that lure people to buy even when not required. Case III Star Airways Star Airways offered passengers air services within the country and served a territory of 18, 000 sq. miles with an expanding population of over 70 lakh of people who are potential users of the airline services. The geographic diversity and scattered business and commercial cities have led to steady increase in the number of people who use air travel. The clientele includes business people, as well as individuals on non-business trips, holidays, and leisure trips etc. As a result, the passenger traffic had been increasing steadily since the firm started operations in 1983. In the last three years, however, the growth has not been consistent with the growth pattern showed by the company in the last fifteen years as against a healthy growth of 13 per cent, the sales have marginally improved, registering a growth of 6 per cent. The companys early success was due to the pioneering concepts used by it in the airline industry, which was dominated by large private and government operators with little market orientation. The launch of the companys services coincided with a boom in the aviation sector and reduced government dominance, which opened up the skies for private operators. Besides this, the company offered a host of innovations in the customer service functions such as smaller and newer planes, convenient schedules, free gifts, comfortable seats, exclusive terminals, express baggage-check, and airport-to hotel transit for its first and business class clients. In turn the fares charged by the company were premium in the category and almost 15 per cent higher than the industry average. The company president in the following words justified this move: We are selling entirely on the basis of providing quality experience to our clients. Our services, ambience, and commitment to safety and time-bound schedule, all surpass the standards of the industry. During the first ten years of operations the company faced no direct competition. The only problems faced by the marketing staff were (a) the price, (2) the need to convince clients that air service was more efficient than other alternatives, (c) identifying the customers, and more importantly (d) developing the image of a dependable service. The consumers, who till now were forced to put up indifferent service offered by large government operators, did not offer much resistance and were agreeable to try out new company. Once customers were convinced, retaining them was very easy. Hence the company enjoyed immense loyalty from its clients with almost 40 per cent of them being regular users. Sales were handled by the sales division as well as by some independent sales representatives. In early 1990s the company faced direct competition for the first time with a new company coming up with smaller planes and all other advantages which were previously associated with Star Airways. The growing business had made the market very lucrative and hence in the next three years, four major competitors were also vying for the market share. The company slowly lost to these competitors and could manage to retain only 30 per cent of market share by the end of 1994. All the competitors were engaged in aggressive promotion and soon started a price war in order to outdo one another. For the next six months, each of them offered big discounts and gifts (such as TV / audio systems) with the return ticket on different routes. The most profitable and commercia1ly viable routes were the major targets of these price related competitions. The consumer was the ultimate beneficiary and in short time, the companies started facing losses due to this price-cutting. Star Airways had so far remained out of this ‘price-war’ and lost its market share on the competitive routes very rapidly. It was able to retain the clients on other routes, which were not a part of this intense competition. Unhappy an anxious about this state of affairs, the company vice president, marketing, developed a marketing plan with several components. The initial part of the plan consisted of a market research done on a cross-section of existing clients as well as the clients of competitors and the following observations were made : * Star Airways was considered a quality-oriented company but many felt that it was getting stodgy. The satisfaction with crew and schedules had declined over the last 5 years amongst regular customers. * The clients felt that the airline was losing its edge over customer service because it was nonflexible. * The prices offered by competitors are less and they provide only a fraction of services offered by Star Airways. This was the main reason of clients switching over to competitors. As many as 70 per cent respondents considered the costs as the most important factor in deciding on the airline. * Some deciding factors and their relative importance to clients were found to be following this pattern. * Feature offered by airline |Importance of feature as the deciding |Rank of feature in decision making influence | | |factor | | |Price |67% |1 | |Ambience and food |9% |3 | |Punctuality |14% |2 | |Services convenience |7% |4 | |Free gifts etc. 3% |5 | The second phase of the plan included a massive advertising and promotion plan. The VP marketing, Anil Saxena, felt that the company needed to advertise its dedication to quality and rebuild an image of being a customer-oriented airline. He began discussions with the advertising agency to launch a campaign in the near future. After a month, the agency came out with the following recommendations: * The campaign is to be completed in four months time and the budget will be 351akh. * The company would reach 85% of target audience, once in a month by direct mail. * Four times a month a TV commercial will be aired on a business show time. The audience TRP is consistent and highest in this category of shows. * Star Airways would build the campaign theme around quality and customer service initiatives . * The direct mail letter would be sent to a database of 85,000 clients in four months. The letter will contain information on the airline and again stress on the same theme of quality and customer service. QUESTIONS 1. What is likely to be the decision process in case of choosing an airline? 2. Would this plan suggested by the vice president help in convincing the customers to use Star Airways? Give your reasons. Case IV Mouse-Rid One hot May morning, Shobha, general manager of Innotrap India Ltd. , entered her office in Delhi. She paused for a moment to contemplate the quote, which she had framed and hung on a wall facing her table. If a man can make a better mousetrap than his neighbour, the world will make a beaten path to his door. She vaguely recalled that probably it was Ralph Waldo Emerson who said this. Perhaps, she wondered, Emerson knew something that she didnt. She had the better mousetrap Mouse-Rid but the world didnt seem all that excited about it. Shobha had just returned from a Trade Fair in Kolkata. Standing in the trade show display booth for long hours and answering the same questions hundreds of times had been tiring. Yet, this show had excited her. The Trade Fair officials held a contest to select the best new product introduced at the show. Of the more than 150 new products, her mousetrap had won first place. Two womens magazines had written small articles about this innovative mousetrap, however, the expected demand for the trap had not materialised. Shobha hoped that this award might stimulate increased interest and sales. A group of investors who had obtained rights to market this innovative mousetrap in India had formed Innotrap India in January 2001. In return for marketing rights, the group agreed to pay the inventor and patent holder, a retired engineer, a royalty fee for each trap sold. The group then appointed Shobha as the general manager to develop and manage Innotrap India Ltd. The Mouse-Rid, a simple yet clever device, is manufactured by a plastics firm under contract with Innotrap India Ltd. It consists of a square, plastic tube measuring about 6 inches long and one and one-half inches- square. The tube bends in the middle at a 30-degree angle, so that when the front part of the tube rests on a flat surface, the other end is elevated. The elevated end holds a removable cap into which the user places bait (piece of bread, or some other titbit). A hinged door is attached to the front endofthe tube. When the trap is open, this door rests on two narrow stills attached to the two bottom corners of the door. The trap works with simple efficiency. A mouse, smelling the bait enters the tube through the open end. As it moves up the angled bottom toward the bait, its weight makes the elevated end of the trap drop downward. This elevates the open end, allowing the hinged door to swing closed, trapping the mouse. Small teeth on the ends of stills catch in a groove on the bottom of the trap, locking the door closed. The mouse can be disposed of live, or it can be left alone for a few hours to suffocate in the trap. Shobha felt the trap had many advantages for the consumer when compared with traditional spring-loaded traps or poisons. Consumers can use it safely and easily with no risk for catching their fingers while loading. It poses no injury or poisoning threat to children or pets. Shobhas personal and informal inquiries with acquaintances and friends suggested that women are the best target market for the Mouse-Rid. Most women stay at home and take care of household chores and their children. Thus, they want a means of dealing with the mouse problem that avoids any kind of risks. To reach this market, Shobha decided to distribute Mouse-Rid through grocery stores, and kitchenware stores. She personally contacted a supermarket and some departmental stores to persuade them to carry the product, but they refused saying that they did not sell such contraptions. She avoided any wholesalers and other middlemen. The traps were packaged in a simple cardboard, with a suggested retail price ofRs. 150 for a piece. Although this price made Mouse-Rid about five 1;0 six times more expensive than standard traps, those who bought it showed little price resistance. To promote the product, Shobha had budgeted approximately Rs. 300,000 toward advertising in different womens magazines, such as Grah Shobha, and Good Housekeeping. Shobha was the companys only salesperson, but planed to employ sales people soon. Shobha had forecasted Mouse-Rids first year sales at 2 million units. Through Aril, however, the company had sold only few thousand units. She wondered if most new products got to such slow start, or if she was doing something wrong. Shobha knew that the investor group believed that Innotrap India Ltd. ad a once-in-a lifetime chance with its innovative mousetrap. She sensed the groups impatience. To keep the investors happy, the company needed to sell enough traps to cover costs and make a profit. QUESTIONS 1. Has Shobha identified the best target market for Mouse-Rid? Why or why not? 2. Does Shob ha have enough needed data on consumer behaviour? What type of consumer research should Shobha conduct? 3. What type of advertising can influence consumers for this type of product? Case V Golden Glow Soap Anil Mahajan absent -mindedly ran his finger over the cake of soap before him. He traced the name Golden Glow embossed on the soap as he inhaled its unmistakable sesame fragrance. It was a small soap, almost like a bar of gold. There were no frills, no coloured packaging, and no fancy shape. Just a golden glow and the fragrance of sesame and Lucida font that quietly stated Golden Glow. Mahajan smiled wanly and clasped the soap in his hands, as if protecting it from an unseen predator. He was wondering with quiet concern if the 30-year-old brand would last long. Sensi India, where Mahajan was marketing manager, was taking a long, hard look at the soap, as it was proving to be a strain on resources. There were varying stories about how Golden Glow was launched. Some said the brand was a gift from the departing English parent company. Others claimed that it was created for the then chairmans British wife, as the Indian climate did not agree with her skin. They also claimed that the lady also coined the copy The honest soap that loves your skin was also coined by the lady. The line had stuck through three decades. Only the visuals had changed, with newer models replacing the older ones. Zeni was basically a speciality products company producing household hygiene, fabricare, and dental care products. Golden Glow was the only soap in its product mix, produced and marketed by Sensi. Its reliable quality and value delivery had earned it a lot of respect in the market. Golden Glow equity was such that Sensi was known as the Golden Glow Company. Indeed, the brand name Golden Glow denoted purity, reliability, and gentle skincare. In 1994, Sensi UK increased its stake in the Indian subsidiary to 51%. Within months, all of Sensis products were given a facelift, thanks to the inflow of foreign capital. New packaging, new fragrances, new formulations and more variants were introduced. Only Golden Glow was left untouched. For, although it had a growing skincare business following some strategic acquisitions in Europe in the early eighties, Sensi UK was not a soap company. The UK marketing team ran an audit of every brand and product in the companys portfolio. But when it came to Golden Glow, it faltered. We dont know this one, officials at the parent company said. We dont want this one to be touched, Mahajan had said protectively, a sentiment tliat was endorsed by the managing director, Rajan Sharma. Golden Glow is too sacred, we will leave it as it is, he said. But the UK marketing team was confounded. What was a lone soap doing in the midst of toilet cleaners and fabric protectors; they wondered, however they somehow agreed that their proposed revamp strategy would only look at up-gradation, not tinkering with what wasnt broken. Indeed, for 30 long years no one had tampered with the Golden Glow brand. And Mahajan felt there was no reason to start now. Golden Glow, in his view, was a self-sustaining brand. That was a bit of an understatement because advertising for the brand was moderate and Sensi India had never used any promotional gimmick for it. Now, after four years of nurturing the other categories, Sensi UK had decided to launch its Vio range of skincare products in India. But Golden Glows presence and profile was a major roadblock to Vios success. It will create dissonance, confuse our skincare equity and deter the articulation of Vios credo. It will stand out as a genetic flaw, argued the UK marketing head. You need to do a rethink on Golden Glow. Mahajan protested. Why? It has such a strong equity and loyal following. So much has been invested in it all these years. Why give up all that? Rajan, however, had another idea. Let us then extend the Golden Glow brand. He said It was the simplest solution. Companies were now investing heavily in creating new equities for their brands. But in Golden Glows case, Sensi was already sitting on a brand with a terrific equity. He felt that extending this equity to other categories, such as skincare products would be successful. But Golden Glow needed a new positioning before it could be extended. Till a few years ago, it had been in premium category, priced at Rs. 15. Then new brands with specific positioning and higher price tags entered the market. This created a level above Rs. 15 soaps and pushed Golden Glow down to the mid-priced range. So Golden Glows price was not commensurate with its premium position and image. Over the years, Golden Glow had become so sacred that Sensi India had been too scared to do anything to it. As a result, the soap was left with niche category of loyal users. This category neither shrank or increased, just kept getting older and older, and with it the brand also kept growing older. For example, when Mahajans wife had her first baby at 25, her mother had recommended Golden Glow for her dry skin and also for babys tender skin because it contained sesame oil. That was in 1979. Today, Mahajans daughter had turned 21 and was being wooed by Dove, Camay, even Santoor, and Lifebuoy Gold, with their aggressive advertising. Golden Glow had begun to lose its image of being contemporary as newer brands came in with newer values. Today, at 46, Mahajans wife still used Golden Glow, but when she recommended Golden Glow to her daughter, she said, But Golden Glow is a soap for mothers, for older people. That was a major problem. The Golden Glow brand had aged, and Sensi India hadnt even been aware of it. While its equity had grown with its users, its personality had aged considerably in the last 30 years. I dont think you can keep the personality young, unless you keep renewing the brand. The objective now is to widen your equity so that your image becomes young, continued Rajan. For instance, if today you were to personify a Golden Glow user now, it would be a woman of 45 years using the same brand for many years, who is aver-se to experimenting, ver y skincare conscious, very trusting, and very one-dimensional. As you can see, this is not a very competitive personality. These are the strengths of our Golden Glow, but these are also its weaknesses, he analysed. The context had changed. Today, youth demanded brands that stood for freedom and fearlessness. They demanded bold brands that dared to cure, not just p;eserve. Preservation is for old people. Those are the attributes being presented in evolved markets, said Rajan. To make Golden Glow contemporary, the attributes had to be re-framed, he felt. You cant make a young brand trusting caring, loving, without adding other attributes to it. Today, youth stands for freedom, for laughter, for frankness, for forthrightness. Thats what Close Up, Lifebuoy Gold, Vatika, and other brands propagate. So, either come clean and say it is for older skin which needs trust and kindness, or reposition the brand, said Rajan. Repositioning was also necessary to address another anomaly in Golden Gl ows image: its perceived premium. Sensi India had been unable to do anything about Golden Glow slipping into the mid-price range following the entry of more expensive brands. Now, as Rajan mulled over the brand extension plan, Mahajan felt that Golden Glows premium positioning was its core equity and that had to be maintained. If you are premium priced in the consumers mind, your extensions are automatically perceived as premium. So, if you dont present the other products as premium, the consumer will not see them as extensions of the brand, he said. For example, if you are to launch a shampoo which is priced lower than Sunsilk, but higher than Nyle and Ayur, then whatever the rationale, the consumer will not accept your product. It is not the Golden Glow I know, will be the feeling, he said. Mahajan felt that since premium positioning was one of Golden Glows equity values, it would be very difficult to convince consumers that the brand was being extended without hanging on to this particular value. Will they buy you r rationale that the very same values and equity would now be available at a low price? To be in the premium segment now, you have to price it at Rs 35 or 40, almost on a par with Dove, he said. With Dove retailing at Rs 45, Golden Glow will be perceived as a cheaper option. We cant simply raise the price, said Rajan. What are we offering for that increase? You can t add value because you dont want to tamper with the brand. The consumers will then ask, Golden Glow used to be so cheap, what has happened now? The user will forget that 15 years ago, Rsl0 was expensive, because all her comparisons would be in today s context, said Rajan. So whats the option? asked Mahajan. You dont have to be expensive to be premium, said Rajan. Golden Glow already has the image of a premium brand, thanks to its time-tested core values of purity, credibility, and reliability. What we can do is reinforce the premium through communication and positioning. In fact) we should have tinkered with Golden Glow long ago. That is what HLL did with Lux. It also launched a bridge brand, Lux International, in the premium category, said Rajan. How could we have done anything to the brand? asked Mahajan. The product had such a strong following. It stood for gold, for sesame oil, for its subtle earthy perfume. We changed the packaging periodically, but thats all we could do. Remember the time we brought out a transparent green Golden Glow with the fragrance of lime? It bombed in the market. Rajan was not in favour of the premium positioning. It appeared very short sighted to him, given the bigger plan to extend the brand. Where are the volumes in the premium segment? He asked. For some reason, every manufacturer feels that skincare can be an indulgence of only the moneyed class. As a result, there is a crowd in the premium end of the market. Do we want to be yet another player in the segment? Fifteen years ago, Golden Glow was perceived as a premium product. But today, globa1brands like Revlon, Coty, and Oriflame were delivering specific premium platforms. Golden Glow did not have a global equity. Let us revisit the brand and examine what it stood for 15 years ago and examine the relevance of those attributes in todays context, suggested Rajan. Golden Glow stood for care, consciousness, love, quality and all that. But today, are these enough to justify a premium position? he asked Mahajan. These attributes are viable in the mid-priced segment. He said. The mid-priced brand is the proverbial washer-mans dog, said Mahajan. You dont know whether you are at the bottom end of the premium range or at the top-end of the low-priced range. You end up creating an image of being on the opportunity fence. It is a mere pricing ploy, with no strategic value. QUESTIONS 1. Discuss the nature of problem(s) in this case? 2. Suggest the kind of consumer research needed? 3. How should Golden Glow be positioned/ repositioned to bring about the desired change among consumers? Give your reasons. CASE VI Impact of Retail Promotions on Consumers Shoppers Delight, a large retail store, had above-average quality and competitive prices. It advertised its retail promotions in local newspapers. Its TV advertising was mainly aimed at building store image and did not address retail promotions. The management knew it well that they had to advertise their retail promotions more, but they did not feel comfortable with the effectiveness of present efforts and wanted to better understand the impact of their present promotions. To better understand the effectiveness of present efforts, a study of advertising exposure, interpretation, and purchases was undertaken. Researchers conducted 50 in-depth interviews with customers of the stores target market to determine the appropriate product mix, price, ad copy and media for the test. In addition, the stores image and that of its two competitors were measured. Based on the research findings, different product lines that would appeal to the target customers were selected. The retail promotion was run for a full week. Full-page advertisements were released each day in the two local Hindi newspapers, and also in one English newspaper that devotes six pages to the coverage of the state. Each evening, a sample of 100 target market customers were interviewed by telephone as follows: 1. Target customers were asked if they had read the newspaper that day. This was done to determine their exposure to advertisement. 2. After a general description of the product lines, the respondents were asked to recall any related retail advertisements they had seen or read. 3, If the respondents were able to recall, they were asked to describe the ad, the promoted products, sale prices, and the name of the sponsoring store. 4. If the respondents were accurate in their ad interpretation, they were asked to express their intentions to purchase. 5. Respondents were also asked for suggestions to be incorporated in future promotions targeted at this consumer segment. Immediately after the close of promotion, 500 target market customers were surveyed to determine what percentage of the target market actually purchased the promoted products. It also determined which sources of information influenced them in their decision to purchase and the amount of their purchase. Results of the study showed that ad exposure was 75 per cent and ad awareness level was 68 per cent and was considered as high. Only 43 percent respondents exposed to and aware of the ad copy could accurately recall important details, such as the name of the store promoting the retail sale. Just 43 per cent correct interpretation was considered as low. Of those who could accurately interpret the ad copy, 32 per cent said they intended to respond by purchasing the advertised · products and 68per cent sad they had no intention to buy. This yields an overall intention to buy of 7 per cent. The largest area of lost opportunity was due to those who did not accurately interpret the ad copy. The post-promotion survey indicated that only 4. 2 per cent of the target market customers made purchases of the promoted products during the promotion period. In terms of how the buyers learned of the promotion, 46 per cent mentioned newspaper A (Hindi), 27 per cent newspaper B (Hindi), 8 per cent newspaper (English), and 15 per cent learned about sale through word-of mouth communication. The retail promotion was judged as successful in many ways, besides yielding sales worth Rs 900,000. However, management was concerned about not achieving a higher level of ad comprehension, missing a significant sales opportunity: It was believed that a better ad would have at least 75 per cent correct comprehension among those aware of the ad. This in turn would almost double sales without any additional cost. QUESTIONS 1. Why would some consumers have high-involvement levels in learning about this sales promotion? 2 Is a level of 75 per cent comprehension realistic among those who become aware of an ad? Why or why not? 3. Do you think such promotions are likely to influence the quality image of the retail store? Explain.